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In summary, these experiments provide robust evidence for the hypothesis that children and adults encode minimal group membership as a marker for future collaboration. They show that experimentally manipulating this expectation can eliminate their minimal ingroup bias. This study sheds light on the underlying cognitive processes in intergroup behavior throughout development and opens up new avenues for research on reducing ingroup bias and discrimination. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Reward uncertainty can prompt exploration and learning, strengthening approach and consummatory behaviors. For humans, these phenomena are exploited in marketing promotions and gambling products, sometimes spurring hedonic consumption. Here, in four experiments, we sought to identify whether reward uncertainty-as a state of “not knowing” that exists between an action and a positively valanced outcome-enhances the in-the-moment consumption and experience of other palatable food and drink rewards. In Experiment 1, we demonstrate that reward uncertainty can increase consumption of commercial alcoholic drinks and energy-dense savory snacks. In Experiment 2, we show that reward uncertainty is unlikely to promote consumption through gross increases in impulsivity (expressed as higher discounting rates) or risk tolerance (expressed as lower probability discounting rates). In Experiment 3, we find that reward uncertainty intensifies the taste of, and hedonic responses to, sucrose solutions in a concentration-dependent manner among individuals with heightened preferences for sweet tastes. Finally, in Experiment 4, we replicate and extend these findings by showing that reward uncertainty intensifies the taste of palatable foods and drinks in ways that are independent of individuals’ discounting rates, motor control, reflection impulsivity, and momentary happiness but are strongly moderated by recent depressive symptoms. These data suggest a working hypothesis that (incidental) reward uncertainty, as a state of not knowing, operates as a mood-dependent “taste intensifier” of palatable food and drink rewards, possibly sustaining reward seeking and consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).In most misinformation studies, participants are exposed to a to-be-remembered event and then subsequently given misinformation in textual form. This misinformation impacts people’s ability to accurately report the initial event. In this article, we present 2 experiments that explored a different approach to presenting misinformation. In the context of a murder suspect, the to-be-remembered event was audio of a police interview, whereas the misinformation was copresented as subtitles with some words being different to, and more incriminating than, those that were actually said. We refer to this as concurrent misinformation. In Experiment 1, concurrent misinformation was inappropriately reported in a cued-recall test, and inflated participants’ ratings of how incriminating the audio was. Experiment 2 attempted to employ warnings to mitigate the influence of concurrent misinformation. Warnings after the to-be-remembered event had no effect, whereas warnings before the event reduced the effect of concurrent misinformation for a subset of participants. Participants that noticed the discrepancy between the audio and the subtitles were also less likely to judge the audio as incriminating. These results were considered in relation to existing theories underlying the misinformation effect, as well as the implication for the use of audio and text in applied contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may impact cognitive processes underlying encoding and retrieval of positive memories. Contractor and colleagues thus proposed a Positive Memory-PTSD model outlining hypothesized pathways (e.g., improved cognitions and affect) linking active processing of positive memories and PTSD symptoms. In the current study, we empirically explored direct and indirect pathways of the Positive Memory-PTSD model including relations between presence/types of processing memory methodology, posttrauma maladaptive cognitions, positive/negative affect, and PTSD symptom severity. Methods We randomly assigned 65 students reporting trauma histories to time-matched narrating (identifying and sharing details of elicited positive memories), writing (identifying and writing details of elicited positive memories), or control conditions. Participants completed self-report measures (T0) and repeated their assigned task condition and self-report measures 6-8 days later (T1). Results Half-longitudinal models demonstrated direct associations of (1) being in the narrating versus other conditions with decreases in posttrauma maladaptive cognitions and negative affect, and increases in positive affect; and (2) increases in posttrauma maladaptive cognitions and negative affect with greater PTSD symptom severity. Although, when controlling for posttrauma maladaptive cognitions and negative/positive affect, being in the narrating versus other conditions was associated with decreases in PTSD symptom severity, these constructs did not explain examined relations. IK-930 Conclusions Results suggest beneficial impacts of narrating positive memories on PTSD symptom severity (accounting for cognitions/affect) and improved cognitions/affect, and a need to examine moderating variables (e.g., emotion regulation) in the Positive Memory-PTSD model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Childhood trauma is common and has implications for mental health. Research conducted retrospectively with clinical samples of adults and prospectively with high-risk samples of children has identified factors that moderate negative mental health sequelae (e.g., age, gender, nature and amount of trauma). Presently, however, there is a paucity of research examining mental health outcomes, and potential moderators of these outcomes, that may be associated with the experience of trauma among children in the general community.

To address this knowledge gap, the present study analyzed data from youth aged 8-17 years in the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample, a publicly available repository of information collected from a nationally representative sample of participants across the life span. We report the frequency and nature of trauma in our sample; bivariate correlations between trauma, demographic variables, and mental health outcomes; and hierarchical regressions in which these outcomes were modeled as a function of multivariate predictors.