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ual functions (up to BSCVA 1.0).Purpose To study the data of monocular and binocular multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), flash visual evoked potential (f-VEP), spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) with and without yellow filters in healthy elderly people. Material and methods The study included 16 people (8 male and 8 female) with average age of 51.63±4.7 years. Their visual acuity was 0.5±0.35 without correction and 1.0 with correction. For spectral correction, we used Y1 color filters (CF) (analogue of SN60AT) from the «Lornet-M vision spectral correction kit» set with 80% light transmission and wave cut-off of 460 nm. Patients had mfERG recordings performed monocularly and binocularly, f-VEP monocularly, and their spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) was measured (Astroinform SPE, Russia). The data acquired before and after applying CF was compared. Results The data of SCS with light filter was slightly higher at medium and high spatial frequencies (SF) for the right eye on medium SF of 43.8 and 41.8 dB (p≤0.735), 41.5 and 39.8 dB (p≤0.061) for the left eye. The increase of mfERG P1 latency monocularly after application of CF in the R1 ring area was 3.0 ms (40.8-43.8ms) for the right eye (p≤0.05) and 0.9 ms for the left eye (43.7-44.5ms) (p≤0.326). The trend remained for simultaneous mfERG. Conclusion The influence of yellow filters on spectral vision correction can be manifested in inconsistency of SCS, f-VEP, monocular and binocular mfERG readings. Statistically significant differences in healthy individuals of 5th-6th age decades manifest as elongation of the latency of mfERG peaks.Purpose To study the choroidal thickness (CT) in children with myopia and hyperopia and its changes after sclera reinforcement surgeries addressing the progression of myopia. Material and methods The study involved 133 patients 78 children (average age 12.5±0.35 years) with mild hyperopia, low, moderate and high myopia and 55 children with moderate and high myopia who received low invasive scleroplasty (LSP, average age 12.31±0.49 years), or bandaging scleroplasty (BSP, average age 12.59±0.24 years) according to Snyder-Thompson technique and were examined prior to and after the procedure. All patients underwent standard ophthalmologic examination and had choroidal thickness manually measured with EDI-SD-OCT; 55 patients were examined before and 1 week after scleroplasty. Results A reduction of CT with refraction growth and axial elongation was found in 78 patients. Among the 55 patients, changes in CT were statistically significant in the operated eyes, CT increased by 42.5±3.17 μm after LSP and by 62.1±1.06 μm after BSP. In fellow eyes, CT showed an increase of 26.1±1.79 μm after LSP and 33.7±0.55 μm after BSP. Conclusion In the early period after sclera strengthening, CT significantly increased both in the operated and in the fellow eye. An increase of CT seems to stimulate the collagen biosynthetic activity of the scleral matrix and the collagen synthesis, and to boost the inhibitory effect that scleroplasty has on the myopia progression.The study is based on the hypothesis that high taxonomic diversity of bacteria detectable on the eye surface by molecular genetic methods is attributed to the high level of its contamination by skin microflora. Such contamination would make it problematic to identify the fractions of real ocular surface microbiome, which remains behind the one-percent cut-off threshold adopted in the metagenomic analysis. Hard contact lenses for long-wearing act as a physical filter preventing DNA contamination from random microorganisms, and at the same time providing adhesion to the living cells of bacteria and fungi. To confirm this assumption, a detailed analysis of references was carried out, supplemented by original laboratory research. LDN-193189 concentration Material and methods The analysis included 16 hard contact lenses obtained from 11 patients with impaired refraction (myopia). Additionally, conjunctival mucosa scrapings were collected from 42 patients. Samples were cross-analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using 454 GS Junior (Ion Torrent) and Illumina MiSeq platforms. Results Results obtained by the Illumina platform (analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene) showed better convergence with the data of culture tests reported in the literature. The major microorganism groups found were Acinetobacter (39%), Gluconacetobacter (10.8%), Propionibacterium (9.3%), Corynebacterium (9.3%), Staphylococcus (7.2%), Streptococcus (7%), Pseudomonas (4.1%), Micrococcus (3.3%), Yersinia (3%), Chondromyces (2.4%), Serratia (2.3%), and Bacillus (2.1%). Analysis of the samples obtained directly from the mucosa revealed dominance of typical skin-associated microorganisms. Conclusion The present study proposes a contamination-reduction algorithm for microbiological testing of the ocular surface using hard contact lenses for prolonged wearing as a carrier for microbial DNA.Background Pre-injection aspiration procedures could increase safety during soft tissue filler injections. However, various influencing factors have been detected in vitro that could result in false negative aspiration results. Objective A case series was retrospectively investigated to identify factors contributing to positive blood aspiration procedures in vivo. Methods This study evaluated 213 clinical cases positive for blood aspiration documented in an Asian population 208 females (43.8 ± 7.2 years old) and 5 males (46.8 ± 7.8 years old) during soft tissue filler injections. Injection location, layer (depth) of injection, product injected, size of utilized needle (gauge), length of needle (inch), priming of needle (yes/no), injection angle (degree), and time until blood was visible in the needle hub (seconds) were evaluated. Results The most frequent location where a positive aspiration was observed was the pyriform fossa (n = 56; 26.3%), the most frequent plane was the supra-periosteal plane (n = 195; 91.5%), and the most frequent needle utilized was a 27G needle (n = 125; 58.7%). Statistically significantly more positive cases were identified when the needle was primed compared with an unprimed needle (P less then 0.001, which was independent of the product). The estimated incidence rate was 0.04% to 0.9% for having positive aspiration procedures per total performed injection procedures. Conclusions Pre-injection aspiration could be a valuable tool to prevent accidental intravascular injection of soft tissue filler. The results of the present investigation show that aspiration can be performed with an acceptable aspiration time, that is, less than 2 seconds, if a suitable product/needle combination is chosen.