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Screening Brief Intervention Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) was developed as an integrated and comprehensive public health approach that includes early screening and intervention to address substance use in a variety of health care settings. Research suggests that SBIRT is effective in reducing substance use in individuals whose use places them at higher risk for negative health and social consequences. However, less is known about how training in SBIRT modifies attitudes, regard, and beliefs toward people who use substances.

Participants included 461 students from a variety of healthcare related disciplines (physician assistant, nurse practitioner, pharmacy, psychiatry and psychology, and medical students). Participants were evaluated using a pre-post design to assess changes in regard, attitudes, and beliefs by completing the Short Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Perception Questionnaire, the Drug Problem Perception Questionnaire, the Medical Condition Regard Scale, and the Short Understanding of Substanceo use substances following training in SBIRT relative to a baseline assessment and that there would be between program differences. Results Results were consistent with hypotheses and suggested that trainees had significantly more positive regard and changes in attitudes and beliefs toward working with patients who use substances following training in SBIRT. Results also suggested significant differences by training group at baseline and at 30-day follow up. Conclusions Overall, the findings suggest that an important additional benefit of SBIRT is the impact it has on mitigating healthcare professional trainees’ negative regard and modifying attitudes and beliefs toward those who use substances.Background Despite increasing prevalence of illicit fentanyl use in the US and Canada, preference for fentanyl over other illicit opioids has not been fully characterized. Therefore, we sought to describe changes in illicit opioid preferences over time among people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods Data were obtained from two prospective cohort studies between 2017 and 2018. Trends in opioid preference over time were examined using bivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis. Multivariable models were used to identify factors associated with fentanyl preference. Results Among 732 eligible participants, including 425 (58%) males, the prevalence of preference for fentanyl increased from 4.4% in 2017 to 6.6% in 2018 (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.27, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.05-1.52). In a multivariable analysis, younger age (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 0.94, 95% CI 0.92-0.96) and daily crystal methamphetamine injection (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.01-2.78) were independently associated with preference for fentanyl. The most common reasons for preferring fentanyl included “better high than other opioids” (45%), and “lasts longer than heroin” (27%). Conclusions The current study has demonstrated that preference for fentanyl has been increasing over time among our sample of PWID who use opioids. Further work is needed to clarify risk factors surrounding transitions to illicit fentanyl.

Previous cross-sectional studies demonstrated that chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to detect early lung disease in infants and preschool children with cystic fibrosis (CF) without radiation exposure. However, the ability of MRI to detect progression of lung disease and the impact of early diagnosis in preschool children with CF remains unknown.

To investigate the potential of MRI to detect progression of early lung disease and impact of early diagnosis by CF newborn screening (NBS) in preschool children with CF.

Annual MRI was performed from diagnosis over four years in a cohort of 96 preschool children with CF (age 0-4 yr) that were concurrently diagnosed based on NBS (n=28) or clinical symptoms (n=68). MRI scans were evaluated using a dedicated morphofunctional score and the relationship between longitudinal MRI scores and respiratory symptoms, pulmonary exacerbations, upper airway microbiology and mode of diagnosis were determined.

The MRI global score increased in the total cohort of children with CF during preschool years (P<0.001) which was associated with cough, pulmonary exacerbations (P<0.0001), and detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae (P<0.05). MRI-defined abnormalities in lung morphology, especially airway wall thickening/bronchiectasis, were lower in NBS compared to clinically diagnosed children with CF throughout the observation period (P<0.01).

MRI detected progression of early lung disease and benefits of early diagnosis by NBS in preschool children with CF. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/melk-8a-hydrochloride.html These findings support MRI as sensitive outcome measure for diagnostic monitoring and early intervention trials in preschool children with CF.

MRI detected progression of early lung disease and benefits of early diagnosis by NBS in preschool children with CF. These findings support MRI as sensitive outcome measure for diagnostic monitoring and early intervention trials in preschool children with CF.

Despite understanding the long-term risks associated with early substance use, less is known about the specific patterns of the age of onset (AO) across multiple substances and whether these patterns of early exposure are linked to substance use later in young adulthood. Consequently, the present study sought to (1) identify distinct classes regarding AO for alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco and (2) compare these classes on patterns of individual and simultaneous alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use, other substance use, and mental health symptoms.

Participants were 510 emerging adults (

= 21.35; 88.6% men) who reported past-year use of alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco.

Latent profile analysis was used to identify classes based on three indicators AO for alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco. Results revealed that four classes best fit the data Earliest AO for Alcohol (19.8%); Latest AO for Substances (6.5%); Late AO for Substances (67.8%); Earliest AO for Cannabis and Tobacco (5.9%). Classes varied on current patterns of individual substance use, co-use of substances, other illicit drug use, and mental health symptomology. The Latest AO of Substances class reported the lowest alcohol use, cannabis use, other illicit drug use, and mental health symptomology than the other classes. The Earliest AO for Alcohol and the Late AO of Substances reported a lower frequency of tobacco compared to the other classes. The Late AO of Substance class reported the highest past-year frequency of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use.

The current study contributed to the larger polysubstance literature by identifying profiles that may signify risky patterns of use. Findings may help guide prevention and intervention work with adolescents and young adults.

The current study contributed to the larger polysubstance literature by identifying profiles that may signify risky patterns of use. Findings may help guide prevention and intervention work with adolescents and young adults.