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Meanwhile, ileal secretory IgA (sIgA) and duodenal cytokine levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon gamma were detected by the ELISA and radioimmunoassay, respectively. Smad phosphorylation The results showed that APS significantly improved intestinal injuries of villi length, V/C ratio, and wall thickness of the small intestine infected with MDRV, effectively inhibited the reduction of IEL and GC caused by MDRV infection, subsequently increased sIgA and all the cytokine secretions at most time points, suggesting that APS pretreatment can effectively stimulate mucosal immune function by improving intestinal morphology and repair MDRV caused injures of small intestinal mucosal immune barrier in infected ducklings. Our findings lay the foundation for further application of APS in prevention and treatment of MDRV infection.The aim of the study is to determine the target of Paeteria scandens in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The Chinese herbal medicine pharmacology data and analysis platform were used to search and screen for the effective components of the Paeteria scandens compounds and to analyze the possible therapeutic targets based on network topology. In addition, various known disease target databases were enrolled, the therapeutic target proteins in NAFLD were screened, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed. Enrichment analysis was performed on key nodes. Finally, the inhibitory effect of Paeteria scandens on NAFLD was verified by experiments. We identified 33 major candidate targets of Paeteria scandens and successfully constructed a “drug-compound-target-disease” network. Abovementioned targets revealed by gene enrichment analysis have played a significant role in the cell cycle, apoptosis, and related signal pathways. We demonstrated that Paeteria scandens downregulated serum triglyceride and lipopolysaccharides levels in NAFLD chickens by feeding with a high-capacity diet and endotoxin of Salmonella enteritidis was given by gavage. Paeteria scandens may regulate the hepatic cell cycle and apoptosis through the Salmonella infection pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and apoptosis pathway. For NAFLD, Paeteria scandens may be a promising, long-lasting treatment strategy.As the demand for alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) increases in food animal production, phytobiotic compounds gain popularity because of their ability to mimic the desirable bioactive properties of AGP. Chestnut tannins (ChT) are one of many phytobiotic compounds used as feed additives, particularly in South America, for broilers because of its favorable antimicrobial and growth promotion capabilities. Although studies have observed the microbiological and immunologic effects of ChT, there is a lack of studies evaluating the metabolic function of ChT. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the cecal metabolic changes induced by ChT inclusion and how they relate to growth promotion. A total of 200 day-of-hatch broiler chicks were separated into 2 feed treatment groups control and 1% ChT. The ceca from all the chicks in the treatment groups were collected on day 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 after hatch. The cytokine mRNA quantitative RT-PCR was determined using TaqMan gene expression ceca of chickens fed ChT may indicate the importance of enhanced broiler gut health.H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) continue to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in China, which prompted us to investigate the differential immune protection factors induced by H9N2 AIV infection and immunization for analyzing the reason of protection deficiency of H9N2 AIV inactivated vaccine. In this study, we firstly explored virus-induced optimal immune responses in chicken after H9N2 AIV infection. And, we found that H9N2 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody level, antiviral interferon-stimulated genes including 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase-like and myxovirus resistance 1, CD8+ T cell response in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) accompanied by the cytotoxicity-associated genes, including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and IFN-r play important roles in defending against H9N2 infection. Besides, we observed that vaccine immunization triggered the similar H9N2 HI antibody level as viral infection, the increase of CD4+ T cell percentage instead of CD8+ T cell percentage in PBL. Moreover, we further made a comparative analysis of immune-related gene expression profile in PBL and lung after H9N2 AIV infection and immunization, respectively. The results showed that vaccine immunization contributed to the up-regulation of Th2 cytokine. But the deficiency of cytotoxicity-associated genes induced by H9N2 AIV inactivated vaccine may be the potential key reason of protection deficiency. These findings provide evidence and direction for developing effective H9N2 AIV vaccines.Dietary supplementation of green tea changes the antioxidative capacity of chickens. However, the effect of green tea supplementation in the diet on egg quality and the consequent change in processing capacity is still not well known. The aim of this study was to determine whether green tea powder (GTP) supplementation could affect egg quality, egg antioxidant capacity, and sensory and egg processing characteristics. Huainan partridge chickens (1,080) at 20 wk old were divided into 2 groups, one group fed a basal diet (control) and one group fed a basal diet plus 10 g kgˆ-1 GTP for 12 wk. After the levels of yolk cholesterol had been determined, chickens from the control group were further divided into low- and high-cholesterol groups and were fed a basal diet or a diet with 10 g kgˆ-1 GTP by orthogonal design. After 4 wk, the egg processing characteristics were investigated. Egg specific gravity, shell strength, shell thickness, albumin height, Haugh unit (HU) and cholesterol content were significantly lower in the GTP group than in the control group (P less then 0.05). Egg weight, albumin height, yolk color, and HU increased in a time-dependent manner in both the control and GTP groups (P less then 0.01). The yolk C160, C200, C181, C182, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were higher in the GTP group than in the control group (P less then 0.05). Egg whites from the GTP group showed increased radical scavenging activity (P less then 0.05). Egg appearance and texture from the GTP group were more preferred than those of the control group (P less then 0.05). Eggs from the GTP group had lower hardness, chewiness, and water retention capacity than those of eggs from the control group (P less then 0.05). Eggs from the GTP group with high yolk cholesterol showed lower chewiness than those from the basal diet group (P less then 0.05). The results suggested that GTP supplementation could enrich the PUFA content in egg yolks, improve the overall taste, and change processing characteristics.