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riosis depends on medication. Additionally, the adequacy of the Rome criteria to differentiate IBS from the shared symptomatology of other diseases with visceral hypersensitivity must be further evaluated. OBJECTIVE Peritoneal adhesions may develop after every abdominopelvic surgery. Many agents and technical modifications have been investigated to minimize adhesions. Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower has some anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects that would reduce the formation of peritoneal adhesions. In the present study, the effects of different doses of oral Punica granatum flower extract on postoperative peritoneal adhesions were evaluated in a rat model. STUDY DESIGN Thirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into four groups one control group (CG) and three experimental groups, treated with 100 (EG100), 200 (EG200), and 400 (EG400) mg/kg/day Punica granatum extract orally for eight days. Induction of peritoneal adhesions was done in all groups using the same method. Two weeks after the first surgery, all rats re-operated and adhesions were evaluated via both macroscopic and microscopic changes. RESULTS We observed that rats in the control group had statistically higher adhesion area and more severe adhesions when compared to all experimental groups. Besides, those in the EG-400 group had a significantly lower rate of foreign body reaction in serosal layer when compared to the other three study groups. Other microscopic findings were comparable between the four groups. CONCLUSION Administration of the oral Punica granatum flower extract was associated with a decreased quantity and quality of the adhesions in the animal model of rat in this study. This therapy might be an effective and safe strategy to reduce intraperitoneal adhesion after abdominal surgeries in animal models. V.PURPOSE Differentiating between epileptic seizures, convulsive syncope or non-epileptic seizures is a common diagnostic challenge in the acute setting. Plasma-lactate levels have previously been proposed as a tool to aid in differentiating between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, with lower levels of lactate suggesting a non-epileptic origin. The aim of this study was to investigate levels of lactate in non-epileptic seizures. METHODS Healthy subjects were asked to perform a simulated seizure lasting no more than 5 min. Venous blood samples were taken before and immediately after the simulated seizure and analyzed using an ABL90 FLEX yielding information about lactate, pH, pO2,pCO2, electrolytes and plasma glucose. RESULTS 8 people participated in the study 6 men and 2 women aged 27-45. The average pre-simulation lactate was 1.1 mmol/L while the average pH was 7.39. The average post-simulation lactate was 10.2 mmol/L while the average pH was 7.25. This means an average increase in plasma-lactate of 9.1 mmol/L and an average drop of 0.15 in pH. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that high rises in lactate levels are not specific for an epileptic origin. Further study of lactate as a marker for epileptic seizures is warrented. OBJECTIVE Consumptive coagulopathy is associated with increased mortality in patients with heart failure (HF). Physical activity influences the risk of major vascular thrombotic events. This study investigates how high-intensity interval training (HIIT) affects the capacity of endogenous thrombin generation (TG) by modulating circulatory procoagulant microparticles (MPs) in HF patients. METHODS Thirty-eight HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 38 age- and gender-matched normal counterparts (NC) were recruited into this study. The HFrEF group performed HIIT (3-min intervals at 40% and 80%VO2peak) on a bicycle ergometer for 30 min/day, 3 days/week for 12 weeks, whereas the NC group did not receive any form of intervention. Plasma TG kinetics, procoagulant MPs, coagulation-related factors, and oxidative stress/proinflammatory status were analyzed. RESULTS The HFrEF group exhibited (i) less endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and TG rate, (ii) lower concentration/activity of tissue factor (TF) and counts of TF-rich MPs derived from blood cells, and (iii) higher vascular endothelial shedding and plasma myeloperoxidase and interleukin-6 concentrations, compared to the NC group did. However, HIIT elevated TG rate and TF concentration/activity in plasma, as well as, TF-rich MP counts derived from blood cells in patients with HFrEF. Moreover, the exercise regimen also decreased vascular endothelial shedding and plasma myeloperoxidase and interleukin-6 concentrations in HFrEF patients. CONCLUSION HFrEF reduces the capacity of endogenous TG in plasma, which is associated with decreased (or consumed) circulatory procoagulant MP levels. However, HIIT alleviates HFrEF-declined endogenous TG capacity and vascular endothelial damage through recuperating TF-related coagulation activity and suppressing oxidative stress/proinflammatory status. Immune thrombocytopenia is an autoimmune condition characterized by an isolated thrombocytopenia. https://www.selleckchem.com/ Despite the low platelet levels, severe bleeding episodes are relatively rare suggesting that patients with ITP may have a protective factor against bleeding. Platelet microparticles (PMP) are thought to play a role in clot formation and some studies have demonstrated higher levels of circulating PMP in patients with ITP. This article provides a review of the epidemiology, mechanism, clinical presentation, management, and prognosis of ITP as well as a review of the literature and discussion regarding PMP and bleeding risk in ITP patients. Consumption of poor nutrients diets is associated with fat tissue expansion and with a central and peripheral low-grade inflammation. In this sense, the microglial cells in the central nervous system are activated and release pro-inflammatory cytokines that up-regulate the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), promoting Nitric Oxide (NO) production. The excess of NO has been proposed to facilitate anxious states in humans and rodents. We evaluated whether consumption of a high-refined carbohydrate-containing diet (HC) in mice induced anxiety-like behavior in the Novelty Suppressed Feeding Test (NFST) trough facilitation of NO, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). We also verified if HC diet induces activation of microglial cells, alterations in cytokine and leptin levels in such regions. Male BALB/c mice received a standard diet or a HC diet for 3 days or 12 weeks. The chronic consumption of HC diet, but not acute, induced an anxiogenic-like effect in the NSF test and an increase in the nitrite levels in the PFC and HIP.