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Vulnerability associated with CTLA-4 -1661A/G polymorphism toward harshness of rheumatic heart problems.

Mountains are definitely the most rugged, yet frail resources and biodiversity-rich regions of the world. Environmental variables directly affect species composition, growth patterns, and the ecosystem resulting in a drastic change in the vegetation composition along ascending elevations. The present study investigated vegetation composition, nestedness, and turnover in plant communities along a vertical gradient (2000 to 4000 m) in Dhauladhar Mountains, Lesser Himalayas, India. Itacitinib We determined how α-diversity pattern and nestedness-related processes or turnover (β-diversity) causes dissimilarity in plant communities’ composition along the vertical gradient. Overall, 21 permanent plots (20 × 20 m2) at every 100 m interval from 2000 to 4000 m were established. A sampling of shrubs and herbaceous species was done by marking sub-plots of 5 × 5 m2 and 1 × 1 m2, respectively, within permanent plots. We observed an inverted hump-shaped pattern for evenness index (E), a unimodal hump-shaped pattern for Shannon index (H’), Margalef’s richness index, and β-Whittaker (βw) diversity, and mild-hump-shaped pattern for Simpson index (λ) across the elevational gradient. Turnover (βsim) and the nestedness-resultant component of β-diversity (βsne) significantly differed across the elevational gradient. The observed β-diversity patterns revealed that the species replacement rate was less in the mid-altitude communities as compared to lower and higher altitude communities. It was largely attributed to the ecotonic nature of mid-altitudes, which benefited mid-elevational communities rather than low or high altitude communities. Besides lower altitudes, the increased human interference has led to disturbance and subsequent homogenization of flora across the mid-altitudes. With respect to this, the present study signifies the need for preserving the mid-altitudinal communities, without undermining the importance of conserving the low and high altitude communities. The classification of river catchments according to their hydrological regime is crucial elements of regionalisation. In absence of hydrological data, the regionalisation of catchment method may be used to asses many flows characteristics like regime or design flow and thus provide help in the analysis of hydrological and ecological processes and also in the management of water resources. Correct clarification of catchments requires knowledge about the main factors that influence on river regime, like meteorologic conditions, land cover/land use, geology, soil properties terrain features, human activities. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between selected catchment attributes along with precipitation climatology and seasonality of mean flows (MQ) in the mountainous rivers in the Upper Vistula basin (the biggest and the most important river in Poland) and regionalisation catchments based on seasonality index. To achieve the objective of the study, we concentrated on the mountain stream and e natural processes in the river basin, which definitely would help in better management of the environment and its relationship with huge number of people living there and depend on it. These results show that the regression tree methods based on CART algorithm can be used as effective tool for classification of catchments. Itacitinib Technological innovation is an important driving force for the regional economy’s high-quality development, and determining ways to improve the condition and allocation efficiency of factor endowment is key to improving the performance of regional technological innovation. Considering the dynamic conditions of technological progress, we empirically study the endowment conditions and allocation efficiency of technological innovation factors input in the Yangtze River Delta region by using the translog production function to explore the interactive mechanism of innovation factors to technological innovation performance during 2000-2017. The results show the following First, the three innovation factors-innovative human capital investment, research and development (R&D) fund investment, and fixed asset investment-contributed positively to technological innovation performance output in the Yangtze River Delta region, but there is an obvious gap between Anhui Province and the Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province, aimprovement in the factor configuration structure. In Anhui Province, the alternative elasticity of innovative human capital investment and innovation R&D fund investment during 2000-2012 is less than zero, and the factor configuration structure keeps Anhui Province’s technological innovation output in the uneconomic range, which is an internal factor that hinders the output of technological innovation performance in this province. They are not inconsistent that input and contribution rate of the innovation factors in the Yangtze River Delta region. The result of this study shows that technological innovation performance not only depends on the input of innovation factors, but also be affected by the allocation efficiency of innovation factors. In order to promote the economy’s high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the government need not only pay attention to the input of innovation factors, but also pay more attention to improve the allocation efficiency of innovation factors. LiAl hydrotalcite-like compound (LiAl HTlc) was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and used to adsorb Cu2+ and Zn2+ for investigating the adsorption characteristics of heavy metal cations. The X-Raydiffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations revealed the interconnecting flower-like layered structure of LiAl HTlc. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of Cu2+ and Zn2+ on LiAl HTlc agreed with the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model at a given sorbent concentration (Cs), respectively. The Cs-effect on the adsorption kinetics and isotherms was observed, and the Langmuir-surface component activity (SCA) equation could be utilized to characterize the effect of Cs in the adsorption isotherms. The adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption mechanism denoted that the adsorption process was controlled using two main mechanisms, i.e., surface complexation and isomorphic substitution.