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Exposure to racism and associated adversities, such as poverty, are hypothesized to contribute to racial inequities in health via stress and immune pathways. Furthermore, the effects of adversity may be more salient during sensitive developmental periods. Our study examined racial differences in stress and immune biomarkers during adolescence and the effects of exposure to economic adversity at distinct developmental time periods, and cumulatively in accounting for potential racial differences.

Secondary analysis of the Adolescent Health and Development in Context study was conducted. Data were derived from self-administered surveys, interviews, smartphone-based, geographic-explicit, ecological momentary assessment, stress biomarkers (evening salivary cortisol over six nights and hair cortisol), immune biomarkers (salivary shedding of Epstein-Barr virus [EBV] DNA among EBV-positive adolescents). Current socioeconomic status (SES) measures included annual household income and caregiver education. Caregiverffer by race as early as adolescence and may be one pathway through which racism and associated adversities contribute to racial health inequities. Further research on the contribution of multiple adversities beyond poverty to racial inequities in physiologic stress and health is critical for informing effective prevention and intervention efforts.

Our study provides evidence that stress and immune biomarkers differ by race as early as adolescence and may be one pathway through which racism and associated adversities contribute to racial health inequities. Further research on the contribution of multiple adversities beyond poverty to racial inequities in physiologic stress and health is critical for informing effective prevention and intervention efforts.

Cognitive interviewing is a qualitative methodology for generating valid, reliable patient-centered outcome measures. There are challenges inherent in research on sensitive topics that require thoughtful approach by the scientist for data collection methods, analysis, and interpretation.

The purpose of this paper is to provide principles of cognitive interviewing for sensitive health topics.

We review the challenges inherent in cognitive interviewing for sensitive topics scale development. We illustrate adaptations to general cognitive interviewing for sensitive topics through the presentation and analysis of a research exemplar.

Researchers must consider threats to quality of sensitive topic data collection, and potential harms to participants and researchers. We provide specific examples of how these risks were mitigated in a sensitive topic scale development study.

Unique challenges of cognitive interviewing for sensitive health topics can be addressed with a well-planned data collection strategy, anticipating participant safety concerns, and consideration to researcher wellbeing.

Unique challenges of cognitive interviewing for sensitive health topics can be addressed with a well-planned data collection strategy, anticipating participant safety concerns, and consideration to researcher wellbeing.

Racism is a significant source of toxic stress and a root cause of health inequities. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to vicarious racism (i.e., racism experienced by a caregiver) is associated with poor child health and development, but associations with biological indicators of toxic stress have not been well studied. see more It is also unknown whether two-generation interventions, such as early home visiting programs, may help to mitigate the harmful effects of vicarious racism.

The purpose of this study is to examine associations between maternal experiences of racial discrimination and child indicators of toxic stress, and to test whether relationships are moderated by prior participation in Minding the Baby® (MTB), an attachment-based early home visiting intervention.

Ninety-seven maternal-child dyads (n = 43 intervention dyads, n = 54 control dyads) enrolled in the MTB Early School-Age follow up study. Mothers reported on racial discrimination using the Experiences of Discrimination Scale. Childough influences on inflammation, but additional research with serum markers is needed to better understand this relationship. Improved understanding of the relationships among vicarious racism, protective factors, and childhood toxic stress is necessary to inform family and systemic level intervention.

Results of this study suggest that racism may contribute to the biological embedding of early adversity through influences on inflammation, but additional research with serum markers is needed to better understand this relationship. Improved understanding of the relationships among vicarious racism, protective factors, and childhood toxic stress is necessary to inform family and systemic level intervention.

Pain is one of the most common symptoms affecting patients with systemic sclerosis, however, little is known about the relationship between self-efficacy and pain and changes in pain over time.

The purpose of this study was to describe the relationships between self-efficacy and pain in patients with systemic sclerosis, as well as determine whether changes in self-efficacy mediate changes in pain.

A prospective longitudinal study was conducted using data from the Scleroderma Patient-centered Intervention Network Cohort. The baseline sample included 1903 adults, with a trajectory subsample of 427 who completed three-month assessments across three-years. Hierarchical (sequential) forward multivariable regression, covarying for participant characteristics, was conducted to determine the association between self-efficacy and patient characteristics on pain outcomes. Trajectory models, covarying for participant characteristics, were used to examine changes in self-efficacy and pain outcomes across time, and acy, age, gender, finger ulcers, small joint contractures, and esophageal gastrointestinal symptoms as important correlates associated with pain in patients with systemic sclerosis. Additionally, this study found that self-efficacy and pain outcomes remained stable over time, providing important insights into the longitudinal pain experiences of patients with systemic sclerosis.