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However, differences narrowed with aging between adverse-childhood-health-experiences categories (driven by Southern and Eastern European welfare regimes), categories of education (driven by Bismarckian welfare regime), and main occupational position (driven by Scandinavian welfare regime). DISCUSSION Our research did not find evidence of cumulative disadvantage with aging in the studied life-course characteristics and age range. Instead, trajectories showed narrowing differences with differing patterns across welfare regimes. © The Author(s) 2020. Aristolochic acid A molecular weight Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.The complete chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Charophyta have shed new light on the land plant terrestrialization. Here, we reported the organellar genomes of the Zygnema circumcarinatum strain UTEX 1559, and a comparative genomics investigation of 33 plastomes and 18 mitogenomes of Chlorophyta, Charophyta (including UTEX 1559 and its conspecific relative SAG 698-1a), and Embryophyta. Gene presence/absence was determined across these plastomes and mitogenomes. A comparison between the plastomes of UTEX 1559 (157,548 bp) and SAG 698-1a (165,372 bp) revealed very similar gene contents, but substantial genome rearrangements. Surprisingly, the two plastomes share only 85.69% nucleotide sequence identity. The UTEX 1559 mitogenome size is 215,954 bp, the largest among all sequenced Charophyta. Interestingly, this large mitogenome contains a 50 kb region without homology to any other organellar genomes, which is flanked by two 86 bp direct repeats and contains 15 open reading frames (ORFs). These ORFs have significant homology to proteins from bacteria and plants with functions such as primase, RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase. We conclude that (i) the previously published SAG 698-1a plastome is likely from a different Zygnema species, and (ii) the 50 kb region in the UTEX 1559 mitogenome might be recently acquired as a mobile element. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a pivotal role in the photosynthetic CO2 fixation of C4 plants. However, the functions of PEPCs in C3 plants are less well characterized, particularly in relation to low atmospheric CO2 levels. Of the four genes encoding PEPC in Arabidopsis, PPC2 is considered as the major leaf PEPC. Here we show that the ppc2 mutants suffered a growth arrest when transferred to low atmospheric CO2 conditions, together with decreases in the maximum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and lower levels of leaf ABA and carbohydrates. The application of sucrose, malate or ABA greatly rescued the growth of ppc2 under low CO2 conditions. Metabolite profiling analysis revealed that the levels of glycine and serine were increased in the ppc2 leaves, while the abundance of photosynthetic metabolites was decreased under these conditions. The transcript levels of encoding enzymes involved in glycine or serine metabolism was decreased in ppc2 in an ABI5-dependent manner. Like the ppc2 mutants, the abi5-1 mutants had lower photosynthetic rates and Fv/Fm compared to the wild type under photorespiratory conditions i.e. low CO2 availability. However, the growth of these mutants was similar to the wild type under non-photorespiratory (low O2) conditions. The constitutive expression of ABI5 prevented the growth arrest of ppc2 under low CO2 conditions. These findings demonstrate that PPC2 plays an important role in the acclimation of Arabidopsis plants to low CO2 availability by linking photorespiratory metabolism to primary metabolism, and that this is mediated, at least in part, through ABA and ABI5-dependent processes. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.The enzymatic controlled metabolic processes in cells occur at their optimized pH ranges, therefore cellular pH homeostasis is fundamental for life. In plants, nitrogen (N) source for uptake and assimilation, mainly in the forms of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) quantitatively dominates the anion and cation equilibrium and the pH balance in cells. Here we review ionic and pH homeostasis in plant cells and regulation by N source from the rhizosphere to extra- and intra-cellular pH regulation for short and long-distance N distribution and during N assimilation. In the process of N transport across membranes for uptake and compartmentation, both proton-pumps and proton-coupled N transporters are essential, and their proton binding sites may sense change of apoplastic or intra-cellular pH. In addition, during N assimilation, carbon skeletons are required to synthesize amino acids, thus the combination of NO3- or NH4+ transport and assimilation results in different net charge and numbers of protons in plant cells. Efficient maintenance of N-controlled cellular pH homeostasis may improve N uptake and use efficiency, as well as enhance the resistance to abiotic stresses. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is a frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults. In untreated patients, the outcome is variable, with one-third of the patients entering remission while the remaining ones show persisting proteinuria or progression to end-stage renal disease. Randomized clinical trials reported the efficacy of a 6-month regimen alternating intravenous and oral glucocorticoids with an alkylating agent every other month. The potential side effects of this regimen were limited by the fact that the use of glucocorticoids and alkylating agent did not exceed 3 months each. Two randomized trials with follow-ups (FU) up to 10 years provided assurance about the long-term efficacy and safety of this cyclical therapy. Calcineurin inhibitors have also been used successfully. However, in most responders, NS relapsed after the drug was withdrawn. Conflicting results have been reported with mycophenolate salts and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Observational studies reported good results with rituximab (RTX).