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We aim to discuss comprehensively the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) biology and their clinical utility as cancer biomarkers. We searched the scientific literature to select articles related to the role of lncRNAs and circRNAs in SCLC biology or as cancer biomarkers. We identified that a number of lncRNAs and circRNAs can regulate key biological processes involved in SCLC development, including cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance mainly acting as miRNA sponges. Also, the expression of a few lncRNAs and circRNAs predicted survival outcome depicting their utility as prognostic biomarkers. Further investigations on the role of lncRNAs and circRNAs in SCLC tumors may yield novel therapeutic targets for SCLC.

Following the outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), there is strong evidence of neurological involvement in these patients. We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of neurological manifestations in COVID-19.

A systematic review of studies reporting neurological manifestations published between 1 December, 2019 and 11 May, 2020 was performed. Studies were grouped based on neurological manifestation. Pooled analyses of individual patient’s clinical characteristics and olfactory and gustatory dysfunction prevalence were performed.

Of 486 studies identified, 48 were included. 70 patients with 73 neurological manifestations were reported. 39 (53.4%) patients had stroke, 18 (24.7%) had Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants, 11 (15.1%) had meningitis, encephalitis, encephalopathy, or myelitis, and five (6.8%) had seizures. They had a mean age of 61.9±17.7years (60.6% male). Neurological disease occurred 8.1±6.8days from initial symptoms. Average mortality rate was 17.8%. Stroke has a mortality rate of 25.6%. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction occurred in 59.9% and 57.5%, respectively.

Stroke is the most frequently reported neurological manifestation in COVID-19 and has the highest mortality rate. Neurological manifestations tend to develop one to two weeks after the onset of respiratory disease. There is significant morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 neurological manifestations.

Stroke is the most frequently reported neurological manifestation in COVID-19 and has the highest mortality rate. Neurological manifestations tend to develop one to two weeks after the onset of respiratory disease. There is significant morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 neurological manifestations.

Numerous pharmacological compounds that target the different molecular targets involved in the pathobiology of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are currently in clinical testing. So far, there are no regulatory approvals.

This paper sheds light on the molecular pathways involved in NASH and the drugs targeting these pathways. We have identified 10 compounds whose clinical development program has been halted. Moreover, we explore early phase clinical trials and dissect the reasons for termination of development.

The main goal of NASH pharmacotherapy is to halt or reverse hepatic fibrosis or to achieve the resolution of steatohepatitis. There is an intense competition to develop compounds with disease-modulating properties with a focus on anti-metabolic, anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic properties. Numerous study programs, even in late-phase trials, have been halted because of lack of efficacy, safety concerns or drug-drug interactions. This underscores the urgent need to provide robust preclinical data and an extensive clinical trial program that builds on reliable data generated in earlier stages of clinical development before moving into late stage development.

The main goal of NASH pharmacotherapy is to halt or reverse hepatic fibrosis or to achieve the resolution of steatohepatitis. There is an intense competition to develop compounds with disease-modulating properties with a focus on anti-metabolic, anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic properties. Numerous study programs, even in late-phase trials, have been halted because of lack of efficacy, safety concerns or drug-drug interactions. This underscores the urgent need to provide robust preclinical data and an extensive clinical trial program that builds on reliable data generated in earlier stages of clinical development before moving into late stage development.

The parathyroid glands (PGs) are critical for calcium regulation and homeostasis. The preservation of PGs during neck surgery is crucial to avoid postoperative hypoparathyroidism. There are no existing guidelines for intraoperative PG identification, and the current approach relies heavily on the experience of the operating surgeon. Brefeldin A A technique that accurately and rapidly identifies PGs would represent a useful intraoperative adjunct.

This review aims to assess common dye and fluorescence-based PG imaging techniques and examine their utility for intraoperative PG identification. A literature search of published data on methylene blue (MB), indocyanine green (ICG) angiography, near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF), and the PGs between 1971 and 2020 was conducted on PubMed.

NIRAF and near-infrared (NIR) parathyroid angiography have emerged as promising and reliable techniques for intraoperative PG identification. NIRAF may aid with real-time identification of both normal and diseased PGs and reduce the risk of postoperative complications such as hypocalcemia. Further large prospective multicenter studies should be conducted in thyroid and parathyroid surgical patient populations to confirm the clinical efficacy of these intraoperative NIR-based PG detection techniques.

NIRAF and near-infrared (NIR) parathyroid angiography have emerged as promising and reliable techniques for intraoperative PG identification. NIRAF may aid with real-time identification of both normal and diseased PGs and reduce the risk of postoperative complications such as hypocalcemia. Further large prospective multicenter studies should be conducted in thyroid and parathyroid surgical patient populations to confirm the clinical efficacy of these intraoperative NIR-based PG detection techniques.