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anguillarum located in vivo. Then, we designed primers to analyse the up-regulated DEGs through qRT-PCR and confirmed some up-regulated DEGs. The results of this study provide important reference for the further study of pathogen-host interaction between E. anguillarum and European eel.

Herniaria glabra L. popularly known in Morocco as “Herras lehjer” which means “Stonebreaker” in English is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine to treat edema, water retention, urinary diseases and renal problems including kidney stones.

The present study aims to investigate the diuretic activity of the crude ethanol extract (CEE) and the saponin-rich extract (SRE) of the Herniaria glabra L.

CEE and SRE were prepared using maceration. SRE was obtained after using the selective liquid-liquid extraction method with organic solvents. Control (normal saline, 10ml/kg), reference drug (furosemide 10mg/kg) and three different doses (10mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 200mg/kg) of the CEE and SRE were administered orally to male Wistar rats. The diuretic activity of the extracts was determined by measuring urine volume, urinary electrolyte and urine pH. The urine output measured at 5h and 24h, electrolyte concentration and pH were measured at 24h duration. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s op a pharmaceutical product based on purified saponin-rich extract of Herniaria glabra L. selleck compound as a diuretic agent.

Thesium chinense Turcz. has been used to treat mastitis, pulmonitis, tonsillitis, iaryngopharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infections in the indigenous medicine of China for a long history. Presently, several pharmaceutics prepared by this medical herb have been clinically used for the therapy of infectious diseases.

This review aims to comprehensively summarize the current researches on the ethnomedical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of T. chinense, and discuss their possible opportunities for the future research.

Extensive database searches, including Web of Science, SciFinder, Google Scholar and China Knowledge Resource Integrated, were performed using keywords such as ‘Thesium chinense’, ‘Bai Rui Cao’, and their chemical constituents. In addition, local classic herbal literature on ethnopharmacology and relevant textbooks were consulted to provide a comprehensive survey of this ethnomedicine.

Thirty four chemical constituents, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, havere attention to a better understanding and application of this ethnomedical plant.

Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae), known as yarrow (milenrama), is a plant used in Mexican traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and related diseases.

To determine the vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effect of A. millefollium and to isolate the main bioactive antihypertensive agents.

Organic (hexane, dichloromethane and methanol) and hydro-alcohol (Ethanol-H

O 7030) extracts obtained from flowers, leaves and stems were evaluated on isolated aorta rat rings with and without endothelium to determine their vasorelaxant effect. Hexane extract from flowers (HEAmF) was studied to evaluate its antihypertensive effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). From HEAmF, bioactive compounds were obtained by bio-guided phytochemical separation through chromatography.

Organic extracts showed the best vasorelaxant activity. Hexane extract from flowers was the most potent and efficient ex vivo vasorelaxant agent, showing significant decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressuly by endothelium-dependent NO release and cGMP increase, as well as by calcium channels blockade.

Compound Ruteng (CRT) is a prescribed formulation based on the theory of Tibetan medicine for the treatment of yellow-water-disease. It is consisted with 7 medicinal material include Boswellia carterii Birdw (named “Ruxiang” in Chinese); Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (named “Kuan-Jin-Teng” in Chinese), Cassia obtusifolia L (named “Jue-Ming-Zi” in Chinese); Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic (named “Huang-Kui-Zi” in Chinese); Terminalia chebula Retz. (named “He-Zi” in Chinese); Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo (named “Du-Yi-Wei” in Chinese) and Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bur. et Franch.) Ling (named “Da-Jian-Ju” in Chinese). They are widely distributed in Tibet area of China and have been used to treat rheumatism, jaundice, and skin diseases for centuries.

The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-arthritis effect of CRT and to disclose the systems pharmacology-based dissection of mechanisms.

The chemical constituents in CRT were identified using HPLC method, and CRT candidate targets against Rg to treat RA.

Synthetic drugs used for cancer treatment have side effects that may be immunosupressive, can cause liver, kidney and cardiac toxicity, and infertility and ovarian failure, among others. Thus, herbal drugs could be used in the cancer treatment as an adjuvant therapy. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (AP) is one of the traditional herbs used in different alternative medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, Chinese, Malayi, Siddha, etc. for the treatment of various disorders and diseases including cancer.

The aim of writing this review is to highlight the medicinal importance of AP and its main phytoconstituent andrographolide (AG). The main emphasis was given on the anticancer activity of AG, its proposed mechanisms of action, novel approaches used to improve its biopharmaceutical properties with the perspective of evidence-based research, and its development as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment in future.

Literature survey was conducted and research papers were retrieved from different daential applicability of AP or AG as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment. Further research is needed before making any conclusion about the efficacy in humans as an adjuvant therapy in cancer.

In Africa, Aframomum species have been traditionally used to treat illnesses such as inflammation, hypertension, diarrhea, stomachache and fever. Moreover, Aframomum melegueta seed extracts (AMSE) are used in traditional medicine to relieve stomachaches and inflammatory diseases.

Chronic administration of diclofenac (DIC) has been reported to cause acute kidney injury (AKI), which is a serious health condition. The nephroprotective effect of AMSE is yet to be elucidated. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the phytoconstituents of standardized AMSE, evaluate its nephroprotective effects against DIC-induced AKI in rats, and elaborate its underlying molecular mechanisms.

The quantitative estimation of major AMSE constituents and profiling of its secondary metabolites were conducted via RP-HPLC and LC-ESI/Triple TOF/MS, respectively. Next, DIC (50mg/kg)-induced AKI was achieved in Sprague-Dawley rats and DIC-challenged rats were administered AMSE (100 and 200mg/kg) orally. All treatments were administered for five consecutive days.