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Nursing home (NH) patients often acquire colonization with antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs). We show that patients exposed to broad-spectrum antibiotics during previous hospitalizations have elevated enterococcal relative abundances on NH admission and higher risk of subsequent ARO acquisition. Our findings suggest that interventions preventing ARO spread should extend beyond NH doors.The Baculoviridae family of viruses encode a viral Ubiquitin (vUb) gene. Though the vUb is homologous to the host eukaryotic Ubiquitin (Ub), its preservation in the viral genome indicates unique functions that are not compensated by the host Ub. We report the structural, biophysical, and biochemical properties of the vUb from Autographa californica multiple nucleo-polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). The packing of central helix α1 to the beta-sheet β1-β5 is different between vUb and Ub. Consequently, its stability is lower compared with Ub. However, the surface properties, ubiquitination activity, and the interaction with Ubiquitin-binding domains are similar between vUb and Ub. Interestingly, vUb forms atypical polyubiquitin chain linked by lysine at the 54th position (K54), and the deubiquitinating enzymes are ineffective against the K54-linked polyubiquitin chains. We propose that the modification of host/viral proteins with the K54-linked chains is an effective way selected by the virus to protect the vUb signal from host DeUbiquitinases.Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous epithelium that shows the presence of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ), both of which regulate gene transcription by binding to the DNA. Estrogen responsive phases of spermatogenesis are well documented; however, the genes regulated remain inexplicit. To study the regulation of genes by estrogen in male germ cells, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing for ERα and ERβ under normal physiological conditions. A total of 27 221 DNA binding regions were enriched with ERα and 20 926 binding sites with ERβ. Majority of the peaks were present in the intronic regions and located 20 kb upstream or downstream from the transcription start site (TSS). Pathway analysis of the genes enriched by ChIP-Seq showed involvement in several biological pathways. Genes involved in pathways whose role in spermatogenesis is unexplored were validated; these included prolactin, GnRH, and oxytocin signaling. All the selected genes showed the presence of estrogen response elements (EREs) in their binding region and were also found to be significantly enriched by ChIP-qPCR. Functional validation using seminiferous tubule culture after treatment with estrogen receptor subtype-specific agonist and antagonist confirmed the regulation of these genes by estrogen through its receptors. The genes involved in these pathways were also found to be regulated by the respective receptor subtypes at the testicular level in our in vivo estrogen receptor agonist rat models. Our study provides a genome-wide map of ERα and ERβ binding sites and identifies the genes regulated by them in the male germ cells under normal physiological conditions.Importance Fexofenadine hydrochloride is a frequently used drug for treatment of allergic conditions during pregnancy, but the fetal safety of fexofenadine use has not been well studied. Objective To investigate the risk of adverse fetal outcomes associated with fexofenadine use during pregnancy. Design, setting, and participants A nationwide registry-based cohort study was conducted on pregnancies in Denmark from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2016. Data analysis was performed from March 21, 2019, to January 29, 2020. From a cohort of 1 287 668 pregnancies, fexofenadine use was compared with cetirizine hydrochloride use during pregnancy, matched in a 11 ratio on propensity scores. Distinct study cohorts and exposure time periods were applied according to each outcome analysis. Sensitivity analyses included comparing pregnancies with vs without fexofenadine exposure during pregnancy but with previous use before pregnancy and with loratadine use during pregnancy as additional comparator groups. Exposure Fill, showed similar results. Conclusions and relevance Use of fexofenadine during pregnancy does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of adverse fetal outcomes.Importance The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has rapidly increased among youth and young adults, but knowledge gaps exist on the potential health effects of using recently introduced pod-based e-cigarettes. Objective To conduct a systematic review of recent peer-reviewed scientific literature on pod-based e-cigarettes. Evidence review A search of online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and EBSCO HOST, was conducted to identify pod-based e-cigarette-associated articles from June 2015 (the time when JUUL [JUUL Labs] was introduced) to June 2019. We included English-language articles that presented primary data on pod-based e-cigarettes. check details Findings Pod-based e-cigarettes represent a substantial evolution in design by increasing the efficient delivery of nicotine. While these products may contain less harmful constituents than other types of e-cigarettes and cigarettes, there is no evidence that the levels found are safe among youth. There is evidence for higher nicotine dependence associated with their use. Pod-based e-cigarette brands, compared with other e-cigarette brands, have targeted youth and young adults with social media marketing. There was less discussion about the use of these products as smoking cessation devices or their health risks on social media. The social acceptability and favorable perceptions of pod-based e-cigarettes may underlie the use of these products. Conclusions and relevance The appeal and dependence potential of pod-based e-cigarettes for youth emphasize the need for stronger regulations on product design, social media, marketing channels, and youth access together with health communications that emphasize the risks of nicotine dependence.This cross-sectional study analyzed a database of Congressional candidate campaign websites to assess the frequency and specificity of pediatric health policy discussions in political campaigns.