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These findings suggest that response variations during a sequence of task-repeat trials can trigger the increase in cognitive control that promotes the efficiency of followed task switching.

India has experienced a recent sharp increase in diabetes/pre-diabetes. We conducted a systematic-review and meta-analyses to describe the most recent prevalence and trends of pre-diabetes/diabetes in urban and rural India.

MethodsA literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases for population-based studies describing prevalence of diabetes/pre-diabetes in urban/rural populations. Trends were analysed in rural and urban settings overall, genderwise and statewise.

The study reports data from 1,778,706 adults in India (69-studies), from surveys conducted from 1972-2017. Prevalence of diabetes increased in both rural and urban India from 2.4% and 3.3% in 1972 to 15.0% and 19.0% respectively in year 2015-2019. This was independently observed in both genders. Similar increasing prevalence was observed for pre-diabetes, overall and in both genders. In the latest decade (2010-2019) rural and urban prevalence was highest in states of Goa (17.4%) and Tamil Nadu (24.0%) respectively. this website Statewise analysis observed a wide disparity in prevalence between the North and the South of India.

Pooled estimates show a relatively high burden of diabetes and pre-diabetes in rural and urban India, with narrowed urban-rural gap. Hence, it is important to plan urgent primary and secondary prevention strategies to minimize further increase in areas with high prevalence.

Pooled estimates show a relatively high burden of diabetes and pre-diabetes in rural and urban India, with narrowed urban-rural gap. Hence, it is important to plan urgent primary and secondary prevention strategies to minimize further increase in areas with high prevalence.Silica is silicon dioxide, which, depending on the production method, can exist in various amorphous forms with varying specific surface area, particle size, pore volume and size, and, as a result, with different physicochemical and sorption characteristics. The presence of silanol groups on the surface of silicas provides the possibility of its further functionalisation. In addition, the developed specific surface of Aerosil allows to obtain composites with a high content of biologically active substances. In this work, we studied the biocompatibility of a composite based on Aerosil 380 and carboxylated fullerene C60[C(COOH)2]3, namely haemolysis (spontaneous and photoinduced), platelet aggregation, binding to HSA, cyto- and genotoxicity, antiradical activity. Interest in the creation of this nanomaterial is due to the fact that carboxylated fullerenes have potential applications in various fields of biomedicine, including the ability to bind reactive oxygen species, inhibition of tumour development, inactivation of viruses and bacteria. The obtained composite can be used for the immobilisation of various drugs and the further development of drugs for theranostics.Detailed elemental analysis and low-temperature calorimetric measurement results are reported for the first time for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and mold fungi. Microorganism unit carbon formulas (empirical formulas) were calculated. Standard molar heat capacity and entropy were found to be C⁰p,m = 38.200 J/C-mol K and S⁰m = 31.234 J/C-mol K for Escherichia coli, C⁰p,m = 54.188 J/C-mol K and S⁰m = 47.141 J/C-mol K for Gluconobacter oxydans, C⁰p,m = 31.475 J/C-mol K and S⁰m = 33.222 J/C-mol K for Pseudomonas fluorescens, C⁰p,m = 38.118 J/C-mol K and S⁰m = 37.042 J/C-mol K for Streptococcus thermophilus, and C⁰p,m = 35.470 J/C-mol K and S⁰m = 34.393 J/C-mol K for Penicillium chrysogenum. Microorganism heat capacities below 10 K were best described by an expanded Debye-T³ law. Based on the collected data, empirical formulas and entropies per C-mole of the analyzed organisms were determined. The measured heat capacities were compared to predictions of Kopp’s rule and Hurst-Harrison equation, both of which were found to be able to give reasonably accurate predictions. The determined entropies were compared to predictions of Battley and Roels models. The Battley model was found to be more accurate. The measured microorganism entropies lay between the values of their principal macromolecular constituents DNA, and globular and fibrillar proteins. This indicates that self-assembly of the macromolecular components into cellular structures does not lead to decrease in thermal entropy.Agricultural sustainability is an increasing need considering the challenges posed by climate change and rapid human population growth. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) may represent an excellent, new agriculture practice to improve soil quality while promoting growth and yield of important crop species subjected to water stress conditions. In this study, two PGPR strains with 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity were co-inoculated in velvet bean plants to verify the physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to progressive water stress. The results of our study show that the total biomass and the water use efficiency of inoculated plants were higher than uninoculated plants at the end of the water stress period. These positive effects may be derived from a lower root ACC content (-45 %) in water-stressed inoculated plants than in uninoculated ones resulting in lower root ethylene emission. Furthermore, the ability of inoculated plants to maintain higher levels of both isoprene emission, a priming compound that may help to protect leaves from oxidative damage, and carbon assimilation during water stress progression may indicate the underlining metabolic processes conferring water stress tolerance. Overall, the experimental results show that co-inoculation with ACC deaminase PGPR positively affects tolerance to water deficit, confirming the potential for biotechnological applications in water-stressed agricultural areas.Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound with potent neuroprotective activity. Due to its poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid elimination and the challenges for crossing and transposing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with curcumin were successfully produced and functionalized with transferrin, in order to mediate the transport of these particles through the BBB endothelium to the brain. The nanosystems revealed Z-averages under 200 nm, polydispersity index below 0.2 and zeta potential around -30 mV. Curcumin encapsulation around 65 % for SLNs and 80 % for NLCs was accomplished, while the functionalized nanoparticles presented a value around 70-75 %. A stability study revealed these characteristics remained unchanged for at least 3 months. hCMEC/D3 cells viability was firstly analysed by MTT and LDH assays, respectively, and a concentration of 10 μM of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles were then selected for the subsequent permeability assay.