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When CT scan findings were reported, fragmentation of the cartilage and/or hypodensity of the central lamina were described in all but one case. Interventions ranged from observation on antibiotics and steroids to surgical therapies including tracheostomy, dilation, and posterior cricoid split, with or without stent placement. CONCLUSIONS Cricoid chondronecrosis is a serious, rare entity that can occur even after a short period of endotracheal intubation. Providers must have a high level of suspicion in patients that present with upper airway dyspnea with a history of prior intubation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4.Background Standardized volume dosing of 23.4% hypertonic saline (HTS) exists for adults, but the concentration, dosing and administration of HTS in pediatrics is variable. With emerging pediatric experience of 23.4% HTS, a standard volume dose approach may be helpful. Objective To describe initial experience with a standardized 23.4% HTS weight-based volume dosing protocol of 10, 20, or 30 mL in the pediatric intensive care unit. Methods Standard volume doses of 23.4% HTS were developed from weight dosing equivalents of 3% HTS. Pre and post sodium and intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements were compared with paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The site of administration and complications were noted. Results A total of 16 pediatric patients received 37 doses of 23.4% HTS, with the smallest patient weighing 11 kg. For protocol compliance, 17 doses (46%) followed recommended dosing, 19 were less volume than recommended (51%), and 1 dose (3%) was more than recommended. Mean increase in sodium was 3.5 mEq/L (95% CI = 2-5 mEq/L); P less then 0.0001. The median decrease in ICP was 10.5 mm Hg (interquartile range [IQR] 8.3-19.5) for a 37% (IQR 25%-64%) reduction. Most doses were administered through central venous access, although peripheral intravenous administrations occurred in 4 patients without complication. Conclusion and Relevance Three standard-volume dose options of 23.4% HTS based on weight increases sodium and reduces ICP in pediatric patients. Standard-volume doses may simplify weight-based dosing, storage and administration for pediatric emergencies, although the optimum dose, and safety of 23.4% HTS in children remains unknown.OBJECTIVES Radiology Interest Groups (RIGs) are valuable for medical students and the radiology profession. The purpose of this study is to identify key components of a successful RIG and to discuss how to optimize available resources to increase student engagement in radiology. METHODS Anonymous feedback forms (n = 478) completed by preclinical medical students attending 20 RIG events between September 2016 and May 2019 were analyzed. A five-point Likert-type scale was used to determine event effectiveness, and important themes reflecting student perspectives were identified using thematic analysis of freeform comments. RESULTS Based on Likert feedback, 75% to 78% of students had a positive experience of RIG events and believed sessions were relevant to their studies. 31% to 42% of students believed these events increased their interest or insight into radiology and influenced their career choice. Four representative themes were identified by qualitative analysis of written feedback engagement, professional development, mentorship, and suggestions for improvement. These themes provided insight into student perspectives of our RIG, and, along with experience from the RIG organizers, the authors present elements perceived to have contributed to these positive results. CONCLUSION Thematic analysis of feedback reveals that students consider interactive events, contribution to professional development, and the opportunity for mentorship valuable elements of a RIG. From the perspective of the organizing committee, we embody these aspects through careful planning, innovative events, and consistent debriefing. In this way, our RIG promotes the future of the radiology profession and serves as a practical model for other similar organizations.Despite tremendous improvements in viral load (VL) monitoring and early infant diagnosis (EID) in many countries, low VL and EID testing rates and low VL suppression rates persist in specific regions and among certain subpopulations. The VL/EID cascade includes patient and provider demand creation, sample collection and transportation, laboratory testing, results transmission back to the clinic, and patient management. Gaps in communication and coordination between clinical and laboratory counterparts can lead to suboptimal outcomes, such as delay or inability to collect and transport samples to the laboratory for testing and failure of test results to reach providers and patients in an efficient, timely, and effective manner. To bridge these gaps and optimize the impact of VL/EID scale-up, we reviewed the components of the cascade and their interrelationships to identify barriers and facilitators. As part of this process, people living with HIV must be engaged in creating demand for VL/EID testing. selleck chemicals In addition, there should be strong communication and collaboration between the clinical and laboratory teams throughout the cascade, along with joint performance review, site visits, and continuous quality improvement activities. Strengthening the clinical/laboratory interface requires innovative solutions and implementation of best practices, including the use of point-of-care diagnostics, simplified data systems, and an efficient supply chain system to minimize interface gaps.OBJECTIVE Large cartilage defects and osteoarthritis (OA) cause cartilage loss and remain a therapeutic challenge. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting with autologous cells using a computer-aided design (CAD) model generated from 3D imaging has the potential to reconstruct patient-specific features that match an articular joint lesion. DESIGN To scan a human OA tibial plateau with a cartilage defect, retrieved after total knee arthroplasty, following clinical imaging techniques were used (1) computed tomography (CT), (2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and (3) a 3D scanner. From such a scan, a CAD file was obtained to generate G-code to control 3D bioprinting in situ directly into the tibial plateau lesion. RESULTS Highest resolution was obtained using the 3D scanner (2.77 times more points/mm2 than CT), and of the 3 devices tested, only the 3D scanner was able to detect the actual OA defect area. Human chondrocytes included in 3D bioprinted constructs produced extracellular matrix and formed cartilage tissue fragments after 2 weeks of differentiation and high levels of a mature splice version of collagen type II (Col IIA type B), characteristic of native articular cartilage and aggrecan (ACAN).